By Dr Claire Charters –
Where does our rock, New Zealand’s constitutional foundation, te Tiriti o Waitangi, fit in all the emergency powers, regulations and obligations on the Government in this time of pandemic?
The Covid-19 era is like a fast-moving picture which perpetually develops and re-develops. The picture adjusts with ever-changing information on the relevant health-science, the impact on the economy, the need for restrictions on movement and the openness of our borders into the future.
Where does our rock, New Zealand’s constitutional foundation, te Tiriti o Waitangi, fit in all of this? Right in the centre, together with He Whakaputanga o te Rangatiratanga o Nu Tireni and the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.
First, te Tiriti sets out who has authority to regulate New Zealand, her lands, territories and resources, and the people here. And, regulation – in the form of laws, rules and power – is the tool of the Government to address and respond to Covid-19. Te Tiriti tells us that the New Zealand state government has some authority (kawanatanga), and that Māori have some authority (rangatiratanga), and that state law and Māori law regulate together.
We have seen numerous examples of this. The state has issued new laws and rules under the Health Act 1956, the Epidemic Preparedness Act 2006 and so on. And Māori continue to exercise their authority too, under tikanga Māori, to restrict access to our communities, to provide flu vaccinations to our people, to feed our kaumātua, to educate our children and to provide personal protective equipment to our health providers.
As in any place where multiple legal systems are in play, which is true of any with Indigenous peoples, there needs to be coordination between laws and between the makers and the enforcers of the law. It has been heartening to see the police and iwi working together on the East Coast. It would be good to see more effort by state government to work in partnership with Māori government to jointly devise and implement strategies, under law, to address Covid-19.
State funding to support Māori initiatives to respond to Covid-19 is to be welcomed, even if it might have come sooner. Coordinated governance would be better, especially based on shared information and expertise. The UN’s Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples provides a blueprint for how Indigenous law and state law should co-exist. I hope the Government will continue with its work towards a plan to realise the Declaration to provide more detail on a post-colonial plural legal structure. We could have used that blueprint during this emergency.
Second, te Tiriti imposes restrictions on state government, te Karauna. If authority, and power, is not exercised in accordance with te Tiriti – or human rights, or Indigenous peoples’ rights – it is illegal and illegitimate, even in times of emergency when restrictions can be somewhat relaxed. It is important that both state government, te Karauna, and rangatiratanga Māori are exercised in accordance with those limitations. The principle of equity is basic to te Tiriti.
What we know for sure is that Māori do not enjoy equity with non-Māori in today’s Aotearoa. This is an unfortunate truth in many of the areas that are now under pressure during this time: health, education, housing and criminal justice, especially our prisons. As my colleague and whānaunga Dr Elana Curtis points out, it behoves state government to focus on the impact of seemingly “neutral” Covid-19 strategies on Māori, for example, diverting care from patients with chronic illness, which Māori disproportionately experience. And, given our relatively high-level of chronic illness, it requires the state to take especially good care that Covid-19 does not come into high-density Māori communities where the impact could be proportionately worse.
Te Tiriti, our foundational law, requires it.
Third, te Tiriti protects Māori rights to taonga Māori, including our culture. How is this relevant during Covid-19? By way of example, it requires attention to how restrictions on movement and association might impact on Māori practising our culture, whether it be in relation to tangihanga or catching fish, or the ability to kaitiaki river or manaaki our manuhiri. Such restrictions, even if part of a general prohibition, are only justified if they are kept to the minimum level and for the shortest time necessary.
So, in this wash of emergency law and regulation needed for the Herculean effort to protect the lives of all New Zealanders from this insidious virus, te Tiriti o Waitangi must continue to be the lighthouse on the shore, guiding our way.
Dr Claire Charters (Te Arawa) is Associate Professor at University of Auckland Law School, a Ngā Pae o te Māramatanga researcher and chaired the government-appointed working group to advise it on a plan to realise the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Its report He Puapua is being considered by Cabinet.
*Originally published in newsroom. Republished with permission.
